an appropriate symbol

1 appropriato; adatto; adeguato; giusto: an appropriate symbol, un simbolo appropriato; appropriate dress, abbigliamento adatto ( all'occasione); appropriate to our needs, adeguato alle nostre esigenze; It is appropriate that the ceremony should be private, è giusto che la cerimonia si svolga in privato; if appropriate, se è del caso

2 ( d'ente, organismo, ecc.) competente: the appropriate authorities, le autorità competenti

● (ecol.) appropriate technology, tecnologia appropriata □ «Delete as appropriate», ( su un modulo) «cancellare quello che non interessa»

n. [u]

1 impossessarsi di; appropriarsi

2 (fin.) assegnare; destinare; stanziare: More money should be appropriated for education, si dovrebbero stanziare maggiori somme di denaro per l'istruzione

3 (fin., rag.) accantonare ( fondi); ripartire ( utili)

4 (leg.) appropriarsi indebitamente di; sottrarre; rubare.

   1) A Comparison of the Digital Computer and the Brain

   The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)

   2) Computers Do Not Crunch Numbers, They Manipulate Symbols

   It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....

   The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)

   3) Getting Computers to Explain Things to Themselves

   The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)

   4) Some Limits of Artificial Intelligence

   In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)

   5) The Computer as a Humanizing Influence

   A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.

   In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....

   It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)

   6) The Intentionality of Computers Is Essentially Borrowed, Hence Derivative

   [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)

   7) The Possibility of Computer Thought

   he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)

   8) We Are Getting Better at Building Even Better Computers, an Ever- Escalating Upward Spiral

   t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.

   According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)

    10) Why People Are Smarter Than Computers

   What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.

   What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.

   In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

* * *

име́ть ме́сто мат. — obtain, subsist, hold, occur, take place

испо́льзовать производи́мую проду́кцию на ме́сте (для, …) — use the product captively (in …)

на ви́дном ме́сте — in plain view; prominently

предупреди́тельные на́дписи должны́ быть вы́ставлены на ви́дном ме́сте — have caution signs posted in plain view

установи́ть предупреди́тельную на́дпись на ви́дном ме́сте — display the caution sign prominently

положи́ть, напр. инструме́нт стро́го на своё́ ме́сто — return, e. g., a tool to its appropriate place

поменя́ть места́ми — exchange, change position

поменя́в места́ми индукти́вности и ё́мкости в схе́ме, полу́чим ё́мкостную трёхто́чку — if the inductances and capacitances are exchanged in the circuit the result is a Colpitts oscillator

сопротивле́ния R₁ и R₂ в уравне́нии поменя́лись места́ми — the resistors R₁ and R₂ change position in the equation

по ме́сту — suit job [requirements]

сверли́ть отве́рстия по ме́сту — drill the holes to suit job [requirements]

асимптоти́ческое ме́сто мат. — asymptotic spot

вака́нтное ме́сто

1. lattice vacancy (in solids)

2. shell vacancy (in atoms)

ви́димое ме́сто астр. — apparent place

ме́сто включе́ния эл. — point of connection

ме́сто води́теля — driver seat

ме́сто в решё́тке крист. — lattice site

ме́сто вы́хода ла́вы на штрек — gatehead

географи́ческое ме́сто ( светила) — geographical position

геометри́ческое ме́сто то́чек — locus

геометри́ческое ме́сто то́чек прикоснове́ния — tac-locus

действи́тельное ме́сто навиг. — true position

ме́сто для ног — foot [leg] space, foot room, legroom

ме́сто для стоя́нки трансп. — standing place, standing room

ме́сто изги́ба прок. — bent section

ме́сто изображе́ния, све́тлое тлв., кфт. — highlight

ме́сто изображе́ния, тё́мное тлв., кфт. — low light

и́стинное ме́сто астр. — true place

ме́сто крепле́ния — attaching point

ме́сто назначе́ния — destination

непрогре́тое ме́сто ( в слитке) — cold spot

ме́сто, неудо́бное для рабо́ты — awkward position

ме́сто остано́ва програ́ммы вчт. — breakpoint

ме́сто отпа́йки — tap (point)

ме́сто отправле́ния — point of departure

ме́сто перегре́ва ( в слитке) — hot spot

ме́сто переда́чи свз. — sending end

ме́сто пересече́ния — point of intersection

подсто́пное ме́сто лес. — pile bottom

поса́дочное ме́сто маш., мех. — location; ( в сборке деталей) mounting face, mounting seat; ( в уплотнительном устройстве) seal housing

заштифтова́ть поса́дочное ме́сто — control a location by dowels

ме́сто приё́ма свз. — receiving end

пряди́льное ме́сто ( в прядильной машине) — spinning position

ме́сто пу́ска косм. — launching site

ме́сто пути́, пучи́нное — soft spot of a track

рабо́чее, входя́щее ме́сто тлф. — position A

рабо́чее, ночно́е ме́сто тлф. — night [concentration] position

рабо́чее ме́сто опера́тора тлф. — (operators) position

рабо́чее, свобо́дное ме́сто тлф. — closed position

рабо́чее ме́сто с указа́телем номеро́в тлф. — call indicator position

рабо́чее, тастату́рное ме́сто тлф. — key pulser position

рабо́чее, уче́бное ме́сто тлф. — practice [learner's] position

ме́сто самолё́та [МС] — the position of an aeroplane, a fix

определя́ть ме́сто самолё́та — obtain [establish] a fix

определя́ть ме́сто самолё́та по наблюде́нию, напр. двух звёзд или свети́л — obtain a fix from, e. g., two selected stars or celestial bodies

определя́ть ме́сто самолё́та счисле́нием пути́ — obtain the position of an aeroplane [a fix] by dead reckoning

предвычисля́ть ме́сто самолё́та — advance the position (of an aeroplane)

теку́щее ме́сто самолё́та изобража́ется неподви́жным и́ндексом — the position of the airplane is continuosly given by the airplane symbol

ме́сто самолё́та, действи́тельное — ground position

сидя́чее ме́сто трансп. — seat, place

спа́льное ме́сто мор. — (sleeping) berth

сре́днее ме́сто астр. — mean place

ме́сто стоя́нки самолё́тов — parking area

ме́сто схожде́ния путе́й — bottleneck

счисли́мое ме́сто навиг. — dead reckoned [DR] position

труднодосту́пное ме́сто — out-of-the-way place, hard-to-reach place

ме́сто устано́вки изоли́рующих сты́ков за крестови́ной свз. — fouling point

ἁλίζω pass.: 1 fut. ἁλισθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἡλίσθην; pf. ptc. ἡλισμένον Tob 6:5 S (Aristot. et al.; LXX; TestLevi 9:14; DELG s.v. ἅλς) to salt ἐν τίνι ἁλισθήσεται; how will it (the salt) be made salty again? Mt 5:13 (but s. on ἐν 3). In Mk 9:49 the ms. trad. is uncertain and the mng. obscure; there are 3 rdgs.: 1. πᾶς γὰρ πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται. 2. πᾶσα γὰρ θυσία ἁλὶ ἁλισθ. (D). 3. πᾶς γὰρ πυρὶ ἁλισθ. καὶ πᾶσα θυσία (ἁλὶ) ἁλισθ. Of these, 2=3b is an OT requirement for sacrifice (Lev 2:13), in 1=3a the fire serves as a symbol of the suffering and sacrifice by which the disciple is tested (difft. WFields, Grace Theological Journal 6, ’85, 299–304). S. lit. on ἅλας b and πῦρ c. Of similar apocalyptic obscurity is the saying of Heraclitus Fgm. 66 πάντα τὸ πῦρ ἐπελθὸν κρινεῖ καὶ καταλήψεται. Also fig. ἁλίζεσθαι ἐν αὐτῷ (Χριστῷ) be salted by him, i.e. appropriate his power to prevent corruption IMg 10:2.

 

жилая зона (ЖЗ)
Часть Олимпийской/Паралимпийской деревни, где проживают спортсмены и официальные лица команд. Для прохода в данную зону необходимо аккредитационная карта со знаком «R» или гостевой пропуск соответствующего образца (в последнем случае для передвижения в жилой зоне требуются сопровождающие).
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

residential zone (RZ)
Area in the Olympic/Paralympic Village where the accommodation for athletes and team officials is located. An accreditation with an "R" symbol or an appropriate guest pass and accompanying escort is required to enter this area.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (службы Игр)

EN

• residential zone (RZ)

 

вату
Стандартная денежная единица Вануату.
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]

Тематики

• финансы

EN

• vatu
• vt

 

вентиляционная установка
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• ventilation unit
• VT

 

вентиляционный блок
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• ventilation unit
• VT

 

виртуальное туннелирование
Инкапсуляция пакетов данных в различные протоколы их передача (туннелирование) через сеть IP с использованием механизма инкапсуляции GRE. См. также Virtual Tunneling Protocol (VTP). 
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]

Тематики

• сети вычислительные

EN

• virtual tunneling
• VT

 

виртуальный компонентный сигнал
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• virtual tributary
• VT

 

символ вертикальной табуляции (в ASCII – код II)
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• vertical tab
• VT

 

технология виртуализации Intel VT
1. Помимо возможности одновременно запускать несколько операционных систем на одном компьютере, технология VT позволяет решать ряд вопросов в области безопасности. Благодаря ей в системе можно создавать так называемые виртуальные устройства — разделы, где под управлением легковесной служебной операционной системы могут быть запущены такие программные средства, как, например, сетевые экраны. Таким образом, служебное приложение будет работать абсолютно незаметно для пользователя и его операционной системы. Запуск агента безопасности в среде, независимой от основной операционной системы, позволяет добиться его постоянной работоспособности и большей защищенности от атак.
2. Виртуальное окружение, или виртуальное устройство, работает вне основной ОС, невидимо для пользователей, и контролируется ИТ-подразделением. Виртуальное устройство включает код собственного приложения и встроенную ОС. Кроме того, оно полностью изолировано от рабочей ОС, защищено от несанкционированного вмешательства и предоставляет ИТ-подразделению более безопасную, стабильную среду для выполнения особо важных сервисов.
Виртуальное устройство сторонних производителей может предоставить гибкие средства обеспечения безопасности и управления, свободные от ограничений и слабых мест, свойственных основной ОС. Если виртуальное устройство обнаруживает проблемы в системе обеспечения безопасности или отклонения от ИТ-политики, оно может задействовать различные корректирующие возможности, в том числе оповещения, изоляцию основной ОС от сети или установку заплаты по локальной сети.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• Intel VT
• Virtual Technology
• VT

 

трансформатор напряжения
Трансформатор, в котором при нормальных условиях применения вторичное напряжение практически пропорционально первичному напряжению и при правильном включении сдвинуто относительно него по фазе на угол, близкий к нулю.
[ ГОСТ 18685-73]

EN

voltage transformer
potential transformer
instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in normal conditions of use, is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections
[IEC 61968-2, ed. 2.0 (2011-03)]

Тематики

• трансформатор

Синонимы

• ТН

EN

• potential transformer
• PT
• shunt transformer
• v.t.
• voltage transformer
• VT

 

услуга видеотелефонии
Передача видеосигналов, при которой можно отображать движение и передавать сопутствующие звуковые сигналы между двумя или более географическими точками с использованием устройств двусторонней передачи. Может использоваться как аналоговая, так и цифровая передача. (МСЭ-Т P.10/ G.100).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• video telephony service
• VT

 

жилая зона (ЖЗ)
Часть Олимпийской/Паралимпийской деревни, где проживают спортсмены и официальные лица команд. Для прохода в данную зону необходимо аккредитационная карта со знаком «R» или гостевой пропуск соответствующего образца (в последнем случае для передвижения в жилой зоне требуются сопровождающие).
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

residential zone (RZ)
Area in the Olympic/Paralympic Village where the accommodation for athletes and team officials is located. An accreditation with an "R" symbol or an appropriate guest pass and accompanying escort is required to enter this area.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (службы Игр)

EN

• residential zone (RZ)